In general, the approach which is adopted in this report to the adjustment of transfer prices for tax purposes is to recognise the actual transactions as the starting point for the tax assessment and not, in other than exceptional cases, to disregard them or substitute other transactions for them. The aim in short is, for tax purposes, to adjust the price for the actual transaction to an arm’s length price. Similarly, it is considered that transactions between associated enterprises should not be treated differently for tax purposes from similar transactions between independent parties simply because the parties to the transaction are related. The report does, however, recognise that it may be important in considering, for example, what is ostensibly interest on a loan to decide whether it is an interest payment or, in reality, a dividend or other distribution of profit.