Prices are likely to be affected by differences in products, and gross margins are likely to be affected by differences in functions, but net profit indicators are less adversely affected by such differences. As with the resale price and cost plus methods that the transactional net margin method resembles, this does not mean that a mere similarity of functions between two enterprises will necessarily lead to reliable comparisons. Assuming similar functions can be isolated from among the wide range of functions that enterprises may exercise, in order to apply the method, the net profit indicators related to such functions may still not be automatically comparable where, for instance, the enterprises concerned carry on those functions in different economic sectors or markets with different levels of profitability. When the comparable uncontrolled transactions being used are those of an independent enterprise, a high degree of similarity is required in a number of aspects of the associated enterprise and the independent enterprise involved in the transactions in order for the controlled transactions to be comparable; there are various factors other than products and functions that can significantly influence net profit indicators.
TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.75
Category: B. Transactional net margin method | Tag: Comparability factors, Less affected by product differences, Transactional net margin method (TNMM), Transactional profit methods, Transfer pricing methods
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- TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.69Another practical strength of the transactional net margin method is that, as with any one-sided method, it is necessary to examine a financial indicator for only one of the associated enterprises (the “tested” party). Similarly, it is often not necessary to state the...
- TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.90Difficult comparability issues can arise where the accounting treatment of some items by potential third party comparables is unclear or does not allow reliable measurement or adjustment (see paragraph 2.81). This can be the case in particular for depreciation, amortisation, stock option and...
- TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.89For financial activities where the making and receiving of advances constitutes the ordinary business of the taxpayer, it will generally be appropriate to consider the effect of interest and amounts in the nature of interest when determining the net profit indicator....
- TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.88Whether foreign exchange gains and losses should be included or excluded from the determination of the net profit indicator raises a number of difficult comparability issues. First, it needs to be considered whether the foreign exchange gains and losses are of a trading...
- TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.87In those cases where there is a correlation between the credit terms and the sales prices, it could be appropriate to reflect interest income in respect of short-term working capital within the calculation of the net profit indicator and/or to proceed with a...
- TPG2022 Chapter II paragraph 2.79It might be argued that the potential inaccuracies resulting from the above types of factors can be reflected in the size of the arm’s length range. The use of a range may to some extent mitigate the level of inaccuracy, but may not...
Related Case Law
- Spain vs MAHOU (SAN MIGUEL) S.A., December 2021, Audiencia Nacional, Case No SAN 5537/2021 – ECLI:ES:AN:2021:5537The Mahou (SAN MIGUEL) S.A Group is active in brewing and sale of beers. Penibética de cervezas y bebidas SL and Andaluza de cervezas y bebidas SL are wholly owned by Cervezas Alhambra SL, which again is owned by MAHOU (SAN MIGUEL) S.A....
- Greece vs “Lifts Ltd.”, December 2024, Administrative Court, Case No 5045/2024“Lifts Ltd.” had used the transactional net margin method to set the pricing of its sales to related parties. The tax authority rejected that method for certain sales and applied a cost plus method instead, drawing comparisons to the company’s sales to third...
- Japan vs “E Corp”, December 2024, Tokyo High Court, Case No 東京高裁令和6年12月11日判決Plaintif, “E Corp” is a Japanese corporation whose business activities are focused on four business fields: resources and energy, public infrastructure, industrial machinery, and aeronautics and space. Through company B, E Corp owned the shares in Company A located in Thailand. Company A...
- Spain vs IHLT ESPAÑA S.L. (NEX TYRES S.L.), December 2024, Audiencia Nacional, Case No SAN 6910/2024 – ECLI:ES:AN:2024:6910IHLE ESPAÑA (later NEX TYRES) purchased tyres from its German parent company (IHLE BB) using what it claimed was the CUP method. It claimed that IHLE BB sold the tyres at the same price as it paid to third party suppliers, simply passing...
- Italy vs “TNMM S.r.l.”, September 2025, Tax Court, Case No 454/2025An Italian company receiving intra-group services was assessed for additional taxable income after tax authorities applied TNMM benchmarking and set arm's length profitability at the third quartile. The taxpayer challenged the comparability of selected European companies, citing differences in business models and asset...
