In this step the functions in relation to risk of the associated enterprises that are parties to the transaction are analysed. The analysis provides information about how the associated enterprises operate in relation to the assumption and management of the specific, economically significant risks, and in particular about which enterprise or enterprises perform control functions and risk mitigation functions, which enterprise or enterprises encounter upside or downside consequences of risk outcomes, and which enterprise or enterprises have the financial capacity to assume the risk. This step is illustrated by the following examples and conclusions are drawn from these examples in subsequent paragraphs of Section D.1.2.
TPG2017 Chapter I paragraph 1.82
Category: D. Guidance for applying the arm's length principle, OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines (2017), TPG2017 Chapter I: The Arm's Length Principle | Tag: Analysis of risk, Assumption of risk / Risk assumption, Comparability analysis, Delineation, Example, Functional analysis, Functions related to risk, Risk analysis - 6 step
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- TPG2022 Chapter I paragraph 1.83 (Example 1)Company A seeks to pursue a development opportunity and hires a specialist company, Company B, to perform part of the research on its behalf. Under step 1 development risk has been identified as economically significant in this transaction, and under step 2 it...
- TPG2022 Chapter I paragraph 1.61In this section references are made to terms that require initial explanation and definition. The term “risk management†is used to refer to the function of assessing and responding to risk associated with commercial activity. Risk management comprises three elements: (i) the capability...
- TPG2022 Chapter I paragraph 1.99In exceptional circumstances, it may be the case that no associated enterprise can be identified that both exercises control over the risk and has the financial capacity to assume the risk. As such a situation is not likely to occur in transactions between...
- TPG2022 Chapter I paragraph 1.88In line with the discussion in relation to contractual terms (see Section D.1.1), it should be considered under step 4(i) whether the parties’ conduct conforms to the assumption of risk contained in written contracts, or whether the contractual terms have not been followed...
- TPG2022 Chapter I paragraph 1.65Control over risk involves the first two elements of risk management defined in paragraph 1.61; that is (i) the capability to make decisions to take on, lay off, or decline a risk-bearing opportunity, together with the actual performance of that decision-making function and...
- TPG2022 Chapter I paragraph 1.95Where two or more parties to the transaction assume a specific risk (as analysed under step 4(i)), and in addition they together control the specific risk and each has the financial capacity to assume their share of the risk, then that assumption of...
- TPG2022 Chapter I paragraph 1.79It is economically neutral to take on (or lay off) risk in return for higher (or lower) anticipated nominal income as long as the net present value of both options are equal. Between unrelated parties, for example, the sale of a risky income-producing...
- TPG2022 Chapter I paragraph 1.96If it is established that the associated enterprise assuming the risk as analysed under step 4(i) either does not control the risk or does not have the financial capacity to assume the risk, then the analysis described under step 5 needs to be...
- July 2017: ATO guidance on related party financing arrangementsThe Practical Compliance Guideline (Guideline) from the ATO outlines the compliance approach to the taxation outcomes associated with a ‘financing arrangement’, as defined in section 995-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997), or a related transaction or contract, entered into...
- 2019: ATO draft on compliance approach to the arm’s length debt testThe draft Guideline provides guidance to entities in applying the arm’s length debt test in Division 820 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 19972 and should be read in conjunction with draft Taxation Ruling TR 2019/D2 Income tax: thin capitalisation – the arm’s...
Related Case Law
- Sweden vs Pandox AB, February 2022, Administrative Court, Case No 12512-20, 12520–12523- 20 and 13265-20Pandox AB is the parent company of a hotel group active in northern Europe. Pandox AB’s business concept is to acquire hotel property companies with associated external operators running hotel operations. Pandox AB acquires both individual companies and larger portfolios, both in Sweden...
- India vs. Quark Systems Pvt. Ltd. Oct 2014, ITA No.282Quark Systems Pvt. is engaged in providing customer support services on behalf of the Quark Group. TNMM had been applied as the most appropriate method for determining arm’s length income. In an audit, the tax administration rejected one of the companies selected as a comparable on the basis that...
- Norway vs. Exxonmobil Production Norway Inc., January 2018, Lagsmanret no LB-2016-160306An assessment was issued by the Norwegian tax authorities for years 2009 2010 and 2011 concerning the interest on a loan between Exxonmobil Production Norway Inc. (EPNI) as the lender and Exxon Mobile Delaware Holdings Inc. (EMDHI) as the borrower. Both EPNI and...
- Liechtenstein vs “A-Geothermal Finance AG”, December 2021, Administrative Court, Case No VGH 2021/085“A-Geothermal Finance AG” (A AG) financed geothermal projects developed by the E GmbH. The sole shareholder is af A AG. Since 2012, B has also been the sole shareholder of C AG. C AG holds as a subsidiary E GmbH with developed two...